.CMD912x Development Board for Motorola 68HC912 MCU’s 68HC912D60/ DG128/ DT128 and MC9S12DP256 xiom anufacturing 2000 2813 Industrial Ln. Garland, TX 75041 (972) 926-9303 FAX (972) 926-6063 email: [email protected] web: STARTED.3 Installing the Software. 3 Board Startup.
3 Support Software. 4 Software Development. 4 TUTORIAL.5 Creating source code. 5 Assembling source code. 6 Running your application. 7 Programming Flash EEPROM.
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8 BDM OPERATION.9 MEMORY MAPS.10 PM12DP256 Memory Map.GETTING STARTED The Axiom CMD912X single board computer is a fully assembled, fully functional development system for the Motorola 68HC912D60/ DG128/ DT128 and MC9S12DP256 microcontrollers, complete with wall plug power supply and serial cable. Support software for this development board is provided for Windows 95/98 and NT operating systems.AS12 assembler integrated into the AxIDE program. This is a simple assembler with limited capability. For a more powerful assembly tool, install the Motorola MCUez program from the CD. This will allow you to used PAGED memory in your application.NOTEPAD programs that come with your computer.
Hello everybody. I want to remove immo in jeep/chrysler ecu. This one with two 28f010 flashes. Immo is in Motora hc11k4 that i want to read and reprogramm but i don't have any pinout/diagram for this mcu. I have ETL and UPA. This processor has 134 legs. Pictures in attachements: ECU Motorola/Chrysler P/N P56041 519AE MCU: Motorola SC435402MFC16 I found that it's HC11K4 Need diagram for read. Looking for Motorola microcontrollers? Find it and more at Jameco Electronics. Browse over 30,000 products, including Electronic Components, Computer Products, Electronic Kits and Projects, Robotics, Power Supplies and more. Products in stock and ready to ship.
Once your source code is written and saved to a file, you can assemble or compile it to a Motorola S-Record (hex) format. This type of output file usually has a.MOT,.HEX or.S19 file extension and is in a format that can be read by the programming utilities and programmed into the CMD912X board.If you prefer a windows integrated programming environment, try the Motorola MCU-EZ tools. Refer to the MCU-EZ documentation on the disk for more information.After creating a Motorola S-Record file you can 'upload' it to the development board for a test run. The provided example “HELLO.ASM” was created to run from RAM so you can use the Mon12 Monitor to test it without programming it into Flash.After debugging, you can program your application into Flash Memory so it executes automatically when you apply power to the board as follows: 1.
Make a backup copy of HELLO.ASM then use a text editor to modify it. Change the ORG location for the program start to the internal flash if needed. 3.The CMD912X board will emulate supported HC12 device internal flash memory in external ram. This feature allows BDM (Background Debug Modules) such as the AX-BDM12 to load and control the execution of code being developed without the necessity of the internal flash memory being programmed many times during the development process.MEMORY MAPS Following is the memory map for the CMD912X development board and the various Microcontroller PM Modules that it supports. Consult your MCU technical reference manual on the CD for internal memory map details for the processor.
PM12DP256 Memory Map FFFF Expanded Wide Mode CONFIG.FFFF Expanded Wide Mode CONFIG MODE External EPROM U5/6 (Mon12) C000 BFFF External RAM 8000 U3/4 4000 3FFF 2000 1FFF 1000 Unused = 400-7BF LCD / CS7 = 7F0-7FF CS6 = 7E0-7EF The Peripheral Area (A00-BFF) is set to Narrow (8-bit) data width by the debug utilities. If using this memory, you must also do this in your software when booting from flash as follows: MOVW.FFFF Expanded Wide Mode CONFIG MODE External EPROM U5/6 (Mon12) C000 BFFF External RAM U3/4 1000 Unused = A00-B7F LCD / CS7 = BF0-BFF CS6 = BE0-BEF The Internal Register base address is relocated from $000 to $800 on startup by the debug utilities (Mon12 and NoICE).CONFIG SWITCH The CMD912X board is shipped from the manufacturer with the following default CONFIG SWITCH settings: The 5 position CONFIG SWITCH provides an easy method of configuring the CMD912X board memory operation.
Following are the configuration switch descriptions: CONFIG SWITCH EXT –.MODE SWITCH The 3 to 5 position MODE SWITCH on the PM12xxx Module provides an easy method of configuring the HC12 operating Mode and Options from RESET. NOTE: Expanded Narrow Mode is not available on this board, Expanded Wide operation is required due to the memory application and that any expanded bus operation requires both HC12 I/O ports A and B in any case.PRU PORT The Port Replacement Unit (PRU) provides simulation of the HC12 bus and control ports A, B, E, and K so expanded memory can be used for single-chip application development. PRU operation is enabled with external memory by CONFIG Switch 1 ON.
Two ATmega microcontrollersA microcontroller ( MCU for microcontroller unit) is a small on a single. In modern terminology, it is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a (SoC); an SoC may include a microcontroller as one of its components. A microcontroller contains one or more along with and programmable peripherals. Program memory in the form of, or is also often included on chip, as well as a small amount of. Microcontrollers are designed for applications, in contrast to the used in or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips.Microcontrollers are used in products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.
In the context of the, microcontrollers are an economical and popular means of, and the physical world as.Some microcontrollers may use four-bit and operate at frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for low (single-digit or microwatts). They generally have the ability to retain functionality while for an such as a button press or other; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption. Contents.History The first is usually claimed to be the released in 1972.
It was followed by the 4-bit 4040, the 8-bit, and the 8-bit. All of these processors required several external chips to implement a working system, including memory and peripheral interface chips. As a result, the total system cost was several hundred (1970s US) dollars, making it impossible to economically computerize small appliances.
MOS Technology introduced sub-$100 microprocessors, the 6501 and 6502, with the chief aim of addressing this economic obstacle, but these microprocessors still required external support, memory, and peripheral chips which kept the total system cost in the hundreds of dollars.One book credits engineers Gary Boone and Michael Cochran with the successful creation of the first microcontroller in 1971. The result of their work was the, which became commercially available in 1974. It combined read-only memory, read/write memory, processor and clock on one chip and was targeted at embedded systems.During the early-to-mid-1970s, Japanese electronics manufacturers began producing microcontrollers for automobiles, including 4-bit MCUs for, automatic wipers, electronic locks, and dashboard, and 8-bit MCUs for engine control.Partly in response to the existence of the single-chip TMS 1000, Intel developed a computer system on a chip optimized for control applications, the, with commercial parts first shipping in 1977. It combined and on the same chip with a microprocessor. Among numerous applications, this chip would eventually find its way into over one billion PC keyboards.
At that time Intel's President, Luke J. Valenter, stated that the microcontroller was one of the most successful products in the company's history, and he expanded the microcontroller division's budget by over 25%.Most microcontrollers at this time had concurrent variants. One had program memory, with a transparent quartz window in the lid of the package to allow it to be erased by exposure to light. These erasable chips were often used for prototyping. The other variant was either a mask programmed ROM or a variant which was only programmable once. For the latter, sometimes the designation OTP was used, standing for 'one-time programmable'. In an OTP microcontroller, the PROM was usually of identical type as the EPROM, but the chip package had no quartz window; because there was no way to expose the EPROM to ultraviolet light, it could not be erased.
Because the erasable versions required ceramic packages with quartz windows, they were significantly more expensive than the OTP versions, which could be made in lower-cost opaque plastic packages. For the erasable variants, quartz was required, instead of less expensive glass, for its transparency to ultraviolet light—to which glass is largely opaque—but the main cost differentiator was the ceramic package itself.In 1993, the introduction of memory allowed microcontrollers (beginning with the Microchip ) to be electrically erased quickly without an expensive package as required for, allowing both rapid prototyping,. (EEPROM technology had been available prior to this time, but the earlier EEPROM was more expensive and less durable, making it unsuitable for low-cost mass-produced microcontrollers.) The same year, Atmel introduced the first microcontroller using, a special type of EEPROM. Other companies rapidly followed suit, with both memory types.Nowadays microcontrollers are cheap and readily available for hobbyists, with large online communities around certain processors.World's smallest computer On 21 June 2018, the 'world's smallest computer' was announced by the. The device is a '0.04mm3 16nW wireless and batteryless sensor system with integrated processor and optical communication for cellular temperature measurement.' It 'measures just 0.3 mm to a side—dwarfed by a grain of rice. In addition to the RAM and, the new computing devices have processors.
Because they are too small to have conventional radio antennae, they receive and transmit data with visible light. A base station provides light for power and programming, and it receives the data.' The device is 1/10th the size of IBM's previously claimed world-record-sized computer from months back in March 2018, which is 'smaller than a grain of salt', has a million transistors, costs less than $0.10 to manufacture, and, combined with technology, is intended for logistics and “crypto-anchors”—”” applications. Volumes and cost In 2002, about 55% of all sold in the world were 8-bit microcontrollers and microprocessors.Over two billion 8-bit microcontrollers were sold in 1997, and according to Semico, over four billion 8-bit microcontrollers were sold in 2006. More recently, Semico has claimed the MCU market grew 36.5% in 2010 and 12% in 2011.A typical home in a developed country is likely to have only four general-purpose microprocessors but around three dozen microcontrollers. A typical mid-range automobile has about 30 microcontrollers. They can also be found in many electrical devices such as washing machines, microwave ovens, and telephones.Historically, the 8-bit segment has dominated the MCU market.
16-bit microcontrollers became the largest volume MCU category in 2011, overtaking 8-bit devices for the first time that year. IC Insights believes the makeup of the MCU market will undergo substantial changes in the next five years with 32-bit devices steadily grabbing a greater share of sales and unit volumes. By 2017, 32-bit MCUs are expected to account for 55% of microcontroller sales. In terms of unit volumes, 32-bit MCUs are expected account for 38% of microcontroller shipments in 2017, while 16-bit devices will represent 34% of the total, and 4-/8-bit designs are forecast to be 28% of units sold that year.The 32-bit MCU market is expected to grow rapidly due to increasing demand for higher levels of precision in embedded-processing systems and the growth in connectivity using the Internet. In the next few years, complex 32-bit MCUs are expected to account for over 25% of the processing power in vehicles. A 18F8720 microcontroller in an 80-pin package Embedded design A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as an.
The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems.While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and output devices include switches, 's, small or custom, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a, and may lack human interaction devices of any kind.Interrupts Microcontrollers must provide (predictable, though not necessarily fast) response to events in the embedded system they are controlling.
When certain events occur, an system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an (ISR, or 'interrupt handler') which will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt, before returning to the original instruction sequence. Possible interrupt sources are device dependent, and often include events such as an internal timer overflow, completing an analog to digital conversion, a logic level change on an input such as from a button being pressed, and data received on a communication link. Where power consumption is important as in battery devices, interrupts may also wake a microcontroller from a low-power sleep state where the processor is halted until required to do something by a peripheral event.Programs Typically micro-controller programs must fit in the available on-chip memory, since it would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable memory. Compilers and assemblers are used to convert both and codes into a compact for storage in the micro-controller's memory. Depending on the device, the program memory may be permanent, that can only be programmed at the factory, or it may be field-alterable or erasable read-only memory.Manufacturers have often produced special versions of their micro-controllers in order to help the hardware and of the target system.
Originally these included versions that have a 'window' on the top of the device through which program memory can be erased by light, ready for reprogramming after a programming ('burn') and test cycle. Since 1998, EPROM versions are rare and have been replaced by and flash, which are easier to use (can be erased electronically) and cheaper to manufacture.Other versions may be available where the ROM is accessed as an external device rather than as internal memory, however these are becoming rare due to the widespread availability of cheap microcontroller programmers.The use of field-programmable devices on a micro controller may allow field update of the or permit late factory revisions to products that have been assembled but not yet shipped.
Programmable memory also reduces the lead time required for deployment of a new product.Where hundreds of thousands of identical devices are required, using parts programmed at the time of manufacture can be economical. These ' parts have the program laid down in the same way as the logic of the chip, at the same time.A customized micro-controller incorporates a block of digital logic that can be personalized for additional processing capability, and that are adapted to the requirements of the application. One example is the from.Other microcontroller features Microcontrollers usually contain from several to dozens of general purpose input/output pins (GPIO). GPIO pins are software configurable to either an input or an output state. When GPIO pins are configured to an input state, they are often used to read sensors or external signals.
Configured to the output state, GPIO pins can drive external devices such as LEDs or motors, often indirectly, through external power electronics.Many embedded systems need to read sensors that produce analog signals. This is the purpose of the (ADC). Since processors are built to interpret and process digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they are not able to do anything with the analog signals that may be sent to it by a device. So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the incoming data into a form that the processor can recognize.
A less common feature on some microcontrollers is a (DAC) that allows the processor to output analog signals or voltage levels.In addition to the converters, many embedded microprocessors include a variety of timers as well. One of the most common types of timers is the (PIT). A PIT may either count down from some value to zero, or up to the capacity of the count register, overflowing to zero. Once it reaches zero, it sends an interrupt to the processor indicating that it has finished counting.
This is useful for devices such as thermostats, which periodically test the temperature around them to see if they need to turn the air conditioner on, the heater on, etc.A dedicated (PWM) block makes it possible for the CPU to control, loads, etc., without using lots of CPU resources in tight timer.A (UART) block makes it possible to receive and transmit data over a serial line with very little load on the CPU. Dedicated on-chip hardware also often includes capabilities to communicate with other devices (chips) in digital formats such as Inter-Integrated Circuit , Serial Peripheral Interface , Universal Serial Bus ,. Higher integration. Of a STM32F100C4T6B microcontroller with 16, 24 (CPU), and (CEC) functions. Manufactured by.Micro-controllers may not implement an external address or data bus as they integrate RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Using fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package.Integrating the memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip, but often results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole. The identification the first microprocessor depends heavily on the precise definition of the term 'microprocessor', on which there is not consensus.
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